Claim- Separation is a natural gift from God that should be a normal thing because it will cause less conflict.

Reasons- His reason for his claim is because separation is good for the world, it causes less conflict, blacks and whites should have separate governments.

Evidence-John Morgan says, “These God-created differences, he argues, generate a natural aversion between the races.”

Warrant- Thinking that races other than white people are less intelligent and don’t deserve to be in the same government.

Counterargument- None

Rebuttal- None

He uses Anecdotal Evidence because in the 18-1900’s white people were in power and they could say whatever they wanted to say so he wanted to explain his point of view of what happened back then because it was most likely relatable.

Strivings of the Negro People

African-Americans were forced to believe the opinions of white people about themselves. The only thing that Afircan-Americans wanted was freedom, they eventually got it but unfortunately it created more depression because although they were free they still didn’t have the same rights white people had and were still segregated. And finally the 15th Amendment cam into place and helped gain the African-Americans rights to vote.

How does discourse community influence warrants? Discourse communities evolve throughout time, after a while when there is a slight change later in time it can evolve and become a rule or law that becomes something big and can change the whole idea or game.

The Gap– effect of race on intelligence and social happiness

The Audience- To government officials to decrease the rules and laws to allow african-americans to have as much rights as white people did.

The Writer- John Tyler Morgan

Claim- Separation is A natural gift from God that should be a normal thing because it will cause less conflict.

Reasons- His reason for his claim is because separation is good for the world, it causes less conflict, blacks and whites should have separate governments.

Evidence-John Morgan says, “These God-created differences, he argues, generate a natural aversion between the races.”

Warrant- Thinking that races other than white people are less intelligent and don’t deserve to be in the same government.

The Race Question In the United States

The author John Morgan believes that White people and Black people should be separated to have the whites be more superior. He believed that Africans should be shipped back to Africa or both races should have different governments. He also uses the 14th and 15th amendment as a natural aversion between races.

The MisMeasure of Man

Morton talked about how races were separated back in Egypt, blacks were slaves. But Morton also was incorrect with his calculations were incorrect and was biased. He also avoided his own group to make his group more superior. It is very unfortunate to have higher level people thinking that way.

Race Amalgamation

In the past, when white owners had female slaves, they would sleep with them. Some would get pregnant and would have a baby. People still believed since it was involved with an Afircan-American person it means the baby is physically and mentally inferior to an all black person (mulatto). This section was all about mixed races which caused confusion all around society.

The Mismeasure of Man

It’s sad seeing how the social structure was used based off race which was based off a person cranium. Scientists measured a persons head to place them in the social structure of being inferior or superior. To make it worse the research was mostly biased, when they knew it was biased they didn’t do anything to fix not to mention the science behind how they measured the intellectual of person based off their skull was inaccurate.

1. One of the six criterias Swales talks about discourse communities is “A discourse community has a broadly agreed set of common public goals”, This relates to The Mismeasure of man because Gould explains how scientist back then used to believe that people came from a hierarchy. He stated that scientists used to measure skulls to determine the intelligence of a person, the bigger the skull the bigger the brain which means the smarter that person is.
2. Knowledge is spread based off who is on top. People tend to believe whoever is smartest, which isn’t wrong. Since scientists claim that intelligence is based off how big a persons skull is then the people are obviously going to believe them since they are the smartest people. If scientists make up a disease and make some random claim on how to cure the disease people will definetly believe them.
3. When the superior groups begin to claim false claims about inferior groups for example: African Americans aren’t as smart as White people, it encouraged the Jim Crow Laws to be enforced to decrease the mixing of the white race and the colored race. Also when you have different scientists and presidents begin to claim about colored races and how inferior one race is to another people will believe them including the races themsmeves.

The Mismeasure of man

• Society was all about hierachy.
• Since racism has around for a while, it was hard for a person in a low social status to be higher up
• scientists had attempted to prove that the various races of humans were different and could be ranked from high to low.
• The leading figure in American polygeny was the Swiss immigrant Louis Agassiz, who taught at Harvard University and came to believe that races were separate species after contact with black people in America.
• Morton assembled data about the size of skulls that he believed proved the concept of separate and inferior races.
• Bigger people have bigger brains, simply due to body size.

PvF

• The fourteenth amendment didn’t allow african-americans protection.
• Dred Scott denies citizenship to both free and enslaved African American citizens.
• To improve Plessy’s chances for victory, Tourgée purposely delayed moving the case forward, hoping for changes in the Court’s makeup and a more favorable political climate.

PvF

Why are we reading this book?

Does it correlate to what we’re doing in class?

The Mismeasure of Man

1. Shared behavioral norms, and the social and economic differences between human groups primarily races, classes, and sexes arise from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of biology.
2. Carniometry and certain styles of psychological testing.
3. The traditional prestige of science as objective knowledge, free form social and political taint.
4. one might be excused for suspecting that it also arises in a political context, despite the denials quoted above.
5. Forcing people in unnatural arrangements.
6. Reification-which is our tendency to convert abstract concepts into entities and Ranking- propensity for ordering complex variation as a gradual ascending scale
7. He explains how in the past people are measured by their race, this is where the title comes from The Mismeasure of Man for example african-americans would be inferior than white people due to their intelligence being low compared to white people.
8. “influential and that scientists believed they were pursuing unsullied truth”.
9. It takes the current statues groups as a measure of where they should and must be.

PvF

1. It was all about looks, so many crimes occured that it caused many people to be mixed race.
2. To declare segregation laws unconstitutional.
3. Because they weren’t able to tell if he was white.
4. Because the first case it between states, but the second case was intrastate so the state had to decide.
5. Civil Rights are nonpolitical right of citizens of a particular country. Political Rights are man made. Social Rights are rights dealt with society.
6. Because some rights deserve to gain legal protection.
7. Attempt by one section of the country to force its political ideals upon another section.
8. White butchers.

Plessy v. Fergurson

It was a criminal offense for an African-american to ride on the same train with a white man

Officially facilities were supposed to be separate but equal, but were rarely equal.

What does juxtaposition mean?

June 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson.

Albion Tourgee worked to expose the KKK and campaigned for improves conditions for freedmen

John Ferguson was a carpetbagger married the NO attorney.

Reconstruction had two goals; one to repair all the the damages caused from the civil war and the other to reform southern societies.

1866 Civil Rights Act was passed making African Americans full US citizens.

Civil War amendments removed race and color as barriers to the vote form male citizens.

There were claims that whites used violent intimidation to control black votes.

1865 Amendment 8, was to make slavery illegal.

The Mismeasure of Man

Socrates advocates a myth to Athens in order to maintain an orderly society.

People are born into a class in order to fit in what work they are able to do.

Uses the Triangle Gold, Silver and Bronze to relate it to the people.

Scientists measured humans skull to measure intelligence, the bigger the skull the bigger the brain which means they are smarter.

Then measured using the IQ test .

2. He describes this chapter by comparing different ways of reading with performance based of service work such as working in a restaurant. And hopes to understand that these tips will help the readers. Showing the difference between service work and servitude.

Being literate means to understand what the is on the menu, how the food is made and what contains in the food. Every waiter/waitress needs to know everything about the menu so when the customer wants to ask a question they can get the correct answer explaining the food. He explains this by saying “it requires knowledge of specific practices such as methods of food preparation that take place in a particular restaurant”.

By gaining control of selected items from the menu. They do this by printing the items in foreign languages so the costumers don’t understand what is on the menu and the waiter/waitress will recommend what is usually the easiest to serve, or possibly not ordering that dish due to not understanding what that dish is.

3. Socialization means where each person has their own identity but also adapts to the general norm within the community. Discourse and Discourse communities lead to socialization.

4. The readers are people that tend to go restaurants to understand what waiters and waitresses go through. People who believe that service work is a low skill job. The Gap: The lack of understanding what service workers go through and how skillful they are.